Scientists at the University of California may have finally unraveled the long-standing mystery behind the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This treatment, which involves triggering a controlled seizure in a certain area of the brain by passing electric currents, is notably effective in treating mental disorders, including depression—one of the most common mental and behavioral disorders worldwide.
New Hypothesis on ECT’s Mechanism
A recent study published in the journal “Translational Psychiatry” suggests an unconventional new hypothesis that ECT alleviates symptoms of depression by increasing non-periodic activity in the brain. This form of electrical activity lacks a steady pattern and is associated with the “background noise of the brain.”
Background Brain Noise: A Key Factor
“Background noise of the brain” typically refers to the brain’s intrinsic or internal neural activity that occurs even in the absence of external stimuli. This continuous neural activity is often measured using techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Revolutionizing the Public Perception of ECT
Despite its effectiveness, ECT has acquired a negative reputation due to historical depictions of it as a high-voltage, painful shock therapy. However, modern procedures use highly controlled doses of electricity and are administered under anesthesia, making them safer and less traumatic than often portrayed.
ECT’s Success and Hindrances
ECT boasts a success rate of up to 80% among patients, although some drawbacks include temporary confusion, cognitive impairment, and the need for repeated therapy sessions.
Research Insights
Researchers used EEG to examine brain activity in patients undergoing ECT for depression and investigated a similar treatment called magnetic seizure therapy, which stimulates seizures using magnets instead of electrical leads. Both treatments led to an increase in non-periodic activity levels in patients’ brains post-treatment.
The Role of Non-Periodic Activity
Scientists believe that the non-periodic activity associated with the brain’s background noise plays a crucial role in improving brain function. The researchers suggest that ECT helps restore these functions in individuals with depression, particularly by enhancing inhibitory activity in the brain.
Further Studies and Future Applications
While these findings establish a link between non-periodic activity and the benefits of ECT, researchers emphasize the need for further studies. They are also looking into the potential use of non-periodic activity as a metric to assess the effectiveness of other depression treatments, including medications.
